H.R. 1605 — Separation of Powers Restoration Act of 2025

This section revises the Administrative Procedure Act's scope of judicial review (5 U.S.C. 706) to require courts, in all actions reviewing agency action, to decide de novo all relevant questions of law—including interpretations of constitutional and statutory provisions and agency rules—notwithstanding any other provision of law (unless that law specifically references this section). (As background, 5 U.S.C. 706 prescribes the standards federal courts use to review agency actions, such as whether they are arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law; previously, the provision directed courts to decide relevant legal questions and interpret statutes and the Constitution without specifying de novo review.)